In the history of population studies in China a noted scholar named Ma Yinchu (1882-1982) is a remarkable figure who first advocated for population control more scientifically just after the establishment of the P. R. China in 1950s.He realized the problem of Chinese population and provided his outstanding views to solve the problem in a more scientific manner looking at the bright future. He made the accurate assessment of the development of China’s population in the 1950s on which his ‘New Population Theory’ was founded. The central thesis of his population theory was to control the size of population and to improve the quality of the people. Although his views were different from the British political economist Robert Thomas Malthus (1776-1834) but he was criticized treating as the ‘Malthus of China’. Later his significant thoughts on population got high importance which played a major role to form the population policy in China. As a result today late Ma Yinchu is well accepted as an extra ordinary population scientist in China. Currently the Chinese Government is advocating successfully to form the appropriate size of the population as well as to ensure the quality of population under existing situation where population characteristics are posing new shapes in this 21^st century. In this respect present paper aims to explore the views of this great Chinese scholar on population and development more critically based on the present population regulation in modern China.